Important IP Programs

print("Hello, World!")
print("Welcome to Class 11 Informatics Practices")

# Output:
# Hello, World!
# Welcome to Class 11 Informatics Practices

name = "Riya"        # str (text)
age = 16             # int (whole number)
height = 5.4         # float (decimal number)
passed = True        # bool (True / False)
print(name, age, height, passed)
print(type(name), type(age), type(height), type(passed))

# Output:
# Riya 16 5.4 True
# <class 'str'> <class 'int'> <class 'float'> <class 'bool'>

name = input("What is your name? ")
age = int(input("How old are you? "))
print("Hello", name)
print("Next year you will be", age + 1)

# Sample run (the values after each prompt are typed by the user):
# What is your name? Aman
# How old are you? 16
# Hello Aman
# Next year you will be 17

a = 17
b = 5
print("a + b  =", a + b)
print("a - b  =", a - b)
print("a * b  =", a * b)
print("a / b  =", a / b)      # division (decimal answer)
print("a // b =", a // b)     # floor division (whole number)
print("a % b  =", a % b)      # remainder
print("a ** b =", a ** b)     # power: 17 to the power 5

# Output:
# a + b  = 22
# a - b  = 12
# a * b  = 85
# a / b  = 3.4
# a // b = 3
# a % b  = 2
# a ** b = 1419857

print("2026", "10", "14", sep="-")
print("Loading", end="...")
print("done")
print("A", "B", "C")          # default sep is a space

# Output:
# 2026-10-14
# Loading...done
# A B C

a = "25"
b = "4.5"
print(int(a) + 10)        # text -> whole number
print(float(b) * 2)       # text -> decimal number
print(str(100) + " marks")# number -> text
x = 5 + 2.5               # Python changes 5 to 5.0 by itself
print(x, type(x))

# Output:
# 35
# 9.0
# 100 marks
# 7.5 <class 'float'>

a = 10
b = 20
print(a > b, a < b, a == b, a != b)
age = 17
print(age >= 13 and age <= 19)   # teenager?
print(age < 18 or age > 60)
print(not age > 18)

# Output:
# False True False True
# True
# True
# True

x = 10
x += 5     # x = x + 5
print(x)
x -= 3     # x = x - 3
print(x)
x *= 2     # x = x * 2
print(x)
x //= 4    # x = x // 4
print(x)

# Output:
# 15
# 12
# 24
# 6

print(2 + 3 * 4)          # 3*4 first
print((2 + 3) * 4)        # brackets first
print(2 ** 3 ** 2)        # right to left: 3**2 = 9, then 2**9
print(20 - 10 / 5 * 2)
print(17 % 5 + 2 ** 2)

# Output:
# 14
# 20
# 512
# 16.0
# 6

marks = [70, 80, 90]
marks[0] = 75            # allowed: lists are mutable
print(marks)

name = "riya"
# name[0] = "R"          # not allowed: TypeError, strings are immutable
name = "R" + name[1:]    # make a new string instead
print(name)

# Output:
# [75, 80, 90]
# Riya

# Syntax error (will not run):   print("Hi"      <- missing )
# Runtime error (crashes):       print(10 / 0)   <- ZeroDivisionError

# Logical error (runs, but the answer is wrong):
a = 40
b = 60
avg = a + b / 2          # wrong: only b is divided by 2
print("Wrong average:", avg)
avg = (a + b) / 2        # correct
print("Correct average:", avg)

# Output:
# Wrong average: 70.0
# Correct average: 50.0

m1 = float(input("Marks in English: "))
m2 = float(input("Marks in Maths: "))
m3 = float(input("Marks in IP: "))
m4 = float(input("Marks in Economics: "))
m5 = float(input("Marks in Accountancy: "))
average = (m1 + m2 + m3 + m4 + m5) / 5
print("Average:", average)
if average >= 90:
    print("Grade: A")
elif average >= 75:
    print("Grade: B")
elif average >= 60:
    print("Grade: C")
elif average >= 33:
    print("Grade: D")
else:
    print("Grade: E (needs improvement)")

# Sample run (the values after each prompt are typed by the user):
# Marks in English: 78
# Marks in Maths: 85
# Marks in IP: 92
# Marks in Economics: 70
# Marks in Accountancy: 88
# Average: 82.6
# Grade: B

cost = float(input("Cost of the item: "))
discount = float(input("Discount %: "))
discount_amount = cost * discount / 100
sale_price = cost - discount_amount
print("Discount amount:", discount_amount)
print("Sale price:", sale_price)

# Sample run (the values after each prompt are typed by the user):
# Cost of the item: 1200
# Discount %: 15
# Discount amount: 180.0
# Sale price: 1020.0

l = float(input("Length of rectangle: "))
b = float(input("Breadth of rectangle: "))
print("Rectangle area:", l * b, " perimeter:", 2 * (l + b))
s = float(input("Side of square: "))
print("Square area:", s * s, " perimeter:", 4 * s)

# Sample run (the values after each prompt are typed by the user):
# Length of rectangle: 8
# Breadth of rectangle: 5
# Rectangle area: 40.0  perimeter: 26.0
# Side of square: 6
# Square area: 36.0  perimeter: 24.0

r = float(input("Radius of circle: "))
pi = 3.14
print("Circumference:", round(2 * pi * r, 2))
print("Area:", round(pi * r * r, 2))

# Sample run (the values after each prompt are typed by the user):
# Radius of circle: 7
# Circumference: 43.96
# Area: 153.86

a = float(input("Side a: "))
b = float(input("Side b: "))
c = float(input("Side c: "))
perimeter = a + b + c
s = perimeter / 2
area = (s * (s - a) * (s - b) * (s - c)) ** 0.5    # ** 0.5 is square root
print("Perimeter:", perimeter)
print("Area:", round(area, 2))

# Sample run (the values after each prompt are typed by the user):
# Side a: 3
# Side b: 4
# Side c: 5
# Perimeter: 12.0
# Area: 6.0

p = float(input("Principal: "))
r = float(input("Rate % per year: "))
t = float(input("Time in years: "))
si = p * r * t / 100
amount = p * (1 + r / 100) ** t
ci = amount - p
print("Simple Interest:", round(si, 2))
print("Compound Interest:", round(ci, 2))

# Sample run (the values after each prompt are typed by the user):
# Principal: 10000
# Rate % per year: 8
# Time in years: 3
# Simple Interest: 2400.0
# Compound Interest: 2597.12

cp = float(input("Cost price: "))
sp = float(input("Selling price: "))
if sp > cp:
    profit = sp - cp
    print("Profit:", profit, " Profit %:", round(profit / cp * 100, 2))
elif cp > sp:
    loss = cp - sp
    print("Loss:", loss, " Loss %:", round(loss / cp * 100, 2))
else:
    print("No profit, no loss")

# Sample run (the values after each prompt are typed by the user):
# Cost price: 500
# Selling price: 575
# Profit: 75.0  Profit %: 15.0

p = float(input("Loan amount: "))
annual_rate = float(input("Interest rate % per year: "))
years = int(input("Period in years: "))
r = annual_rate / 12 / 100        # monthly rate
n = years * 12                    # number of months
emi = p * r * (1 + r) ** n / ((1 + r) ** n - 1)
print("Monthly EMI:", round(emi, 2))
print("Total payment:", round(emi * n, 2))

# Sample run (the values after each prompt are typed by the user):
# Loan amount: 500000
# Interest rate % per year: 9
# Period in years: 5
# Monthly EMI: 10379.18
# Total payment: 622750.66

price = float(input("Price of the item: "))
gst_rate = float(input("GST rate % (5, 12, 18 or 28): "))
gst = price * gst_rate / 100
print("CGST:", gst / 2)
print("SGST:", gst / 2)
print("Total GST:", gst)
print("Bill amount:", price + gst)

# Sample run (the values after each prompt are typed by the user):
# Price of the item: 2000
# GST rate % (5, 12, 18 or 28): 18
# CGST: 180.0
# SGST: 180.0
# Total GST: 360.0
# Bill amount: 2360.0

units = int(input("Units used: "))
if units <= 100:
    bill = units * 3
elif units <= 200:
    bill = 100 * 3 + (units - 100) * 5
else:
    bill = 100 * 3 + 100 * 5 + (units - 200) * 7
print("Bill amount:", bill)

# Sample run (the values after each prompt are typed by the user):
# Units used: 260
# Bill amount: 1220

n = int(input("Enter a number: "))
if n % 2 == 0:
    print(n, "is even")
else:
    print(n, "is odd")

# Sample run (the values after each prompt are typed by the user):
# Enter a number: 27
# 27 is odd

n = float(input("Enter a number: "))
if n > 0:
    print("Positive")
elif n < 0:
    print("Negative")
else:
    print("Zero")

# Sample run (the values after each prompt are typed by the user):
# Enter a number: -8
# Negative

age = int(input("Enter your age: "))
if age >= 18:
    print("You can vote")
else:
    print("You can vote after", 18 - age, "year(s)")

# Sample run (the values after each prompt are typed by the user):
# Enter your age: 15
# You can vote after 3 year(s)

a = int(input("First number: "))
b = int(input("Second number: "))
c = int(input("Third number: "))
if a >= b and a >= c:
    print("Largest:", a)
elif b >= a and b >= c:
    print("Largest:", b)
else:
    print("Largest:", c)

# Sample run (the values after each prompt are typed by the user):
# First number: 34
# Second number: 81
# Third number: 57
# Largest: 81

year = int(input("Enter a year: "))
if (year % 4 == 0 and year % 100 != 0) or year % 400 == 0:
    print(year, "is a leap year")
else:
    print(year, "is not a leap year")

# Sample run (the values after each prompt are typed by the user):
# Enter a year: 2028
# 2028 is a leap year

a = float(input("First number: "))
op = input("Operation (+ - * /): ")
b = float(input("Second number: "))
if op == "+":
    print(a + b)
elif op == "-":
    print(a - b)
elif op == "*":
    print(a * b)
elif op == "/":
    if b != 0:
        print(a / b)
    else:
        print("Cannot divide by zero")
else:
    print("Unknown operation")

# Sample run (the values after each prompt are typed by the user):
# First number: 45
# Operation (+ - * /): *
# Second number: 3
# 135.0

for i in range(5):
    print(i, end=" ")
print()
for i in range(1, 6):
    print(i, end=" ")
print()
for i in range(2, 11, 2):
    print(i, end=" ")

# Output:
# 0 1 2 3 4
# 1 2 3 4 5
# 2 4 6 8 10

count = 5
while count > 0:
    print(count, end=" ")
    count -= 1          # without this the loop never ends
print("Go!")

# Output:
# 5 4 3 2 1 Go!

num = int(input("Number: "))
n = int(input("How many multiples? "))
for i in range(1, n + 1):
    print(num * i, end=" ")

# Sample run (the values after each prompt are typed by the user):
# Number: 7
# How many multiples? 10
# 7 14 21 28 35 42 49 56 63 70

n = int(input("Table of: "))
for i in range(1, 11):
    print(n, "x", i, "=", n * i)

# Sample run (the values after each prompt are typed by the user):
# Table of: 9
# 9 x 1 = 9
# 9 x 2 = 18
# 9 x 3 = 27
# 9 x 4 = 36
# 9 x 5 = 45
# 9 x 6 = 54
# 9 x 7 = 63
# 9 x 8 = 72
# 9 x 9 = 81
# 9 x 10 = 90

n = int(input("Enter n: "))
total = 0
for i in range(1, n + 1):
    total = total + i
print("Sum:", total)

# Sample run (the values after each prompt are typed by the user):
# Enter n: 20
# Sum: 210

total = 0
for i in range(1, 101):
    total += i * i
print("Sum of squares of 1 to 100:", total)

# Output:
# Sum of squares of 1 to 100: 338350

n = int(input("Enter a number: "))
fact = 1
for i in range(1, n + 1):
    fact = fact * i
print("Factorial of", n, "is", fact)

# Sample run (the values after each prompt are typed by the user):
# Enter a number: 5
# Factorial of 5 is 120

for i in range(1, 11):
    if i == 7:
        break         # stop when i is 7
    if i % 2 == 0:
        continue      # skip even numbers
    print(i, end=" ")

# Output:
# 1 3 5

n = int(input("How many subjects? "))
total = 0
for i in range(n):
    m = float(input("Marks: "))
    total += m
print("Total:", total)
print("Average:", total / n)

# Sample run (the values after each prompt are typed by the user):
# How many subjects? 4
# Marks: 80
# Marks: 65
# Marks: 90
# Marks: 75
# Total: 310.0
# Average: 77.5

for i in range(1, 6):
    for j in range(i):
        print("*", end=" ")
    print()

# Output:
# *
# * *
# * * *
# * * * *
# * * * * *

n = int(input("Enter a number: "))
total = 0
while n > 0:
    total += n % 10
    n = n // 10
print("Sum of digits:", total)

# Sample run (the values after each prompt are typed by the user):
# Enter a number: 5729
# Sum of digits: 23

first = "Informatics"
second = "Practices"
print(first + " " + second)
print("Ha" * 3)
print(len(first))
print("form" in first)
print(first[0], first[-1], first[0:4])

# Output:
# Informatics Practices
# HaHaHa
# 11
# True
# I s Info

s = input("Enter a string: ")
count = 0
for ch in s:
    if ch in "aeiouAEIOU":
        count += 1
print("Number of vowels:", count)

# Sample run (the values after each prompt are typed by the user):
# Enter a string: Informatics Practices
# Number of vowels: 7

s = input("Enter a sentence: ")
letter = input("Starting letter: ")
for word in s.split():
    if word[0].lower() == letter.lower():
        print(word)

# Sample run (the values after each prompt are typed by the user):
# Enter a sentence: Python programs make practice perfect
# Starting letter: p
# Python
# programs
# practice
# perfect

n = int(input("How many strings? "))
letter = input("Letter to count: ")
for i in range(n):
    s = input("String: ")
    print(s, "->", s.count(letter))

# Sample run (the values after each prompt are typed by the user):
# How many strings? 3
# Letter to count: a
# String: banana
# banana -> 3
# String: apple
# apple -> 1
# String: grape
# grape -> 1

s = input("Enter a word: ")
rev = s[::-1]
print("Reversed:", rev)
if s.lower() == rev.lower():
    print("It is a palindrome")
else:
    print("It is not a palindrome")

# Sample run (the values after each prompt are typed by the user):
# Enter a word: Level
# Reversed: leveL
# It is a palindrome

fruits = ["apple", "mango", "banana", "grapes"]
print(fruits)
print(fruits[0])       # first
print(fruits[-1])      # last
print(len(fruits))     # number of items

# Output:
# ['apple', 'mango', 'banana', 'grapes']
# apple
# grapes
# 4

marks = [72, 85, 90, 66]
for m in marks:
    print(m)
for i in range(len(marks)):
    print("Position", i, "->", marks[i])

# Output:
# 72
# 85
# 90
# 66
# Position 0 -> 72
# Position 1 -> 85
# Position 2 -> 90
# Position 3 -> 66

L = [10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60]
print(L[1:4])      # positions 1, 2, 3
print(L[:3])       # first three
print(L[3:])       # from position 3 to the end
print(L[::-1])     # reversed

# Output:
# [20, 30, 40]
# [10, 20, 30]
# [40, 50, 60]
# [60, 50, 40, 30, 20, 10]

a = [1, 2, 3]
b = [4, 5]
print(a + b)
print(a * 2)
print(2 in a, 9 in a)

# Output:
# [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
# [1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3]
# True False

L = [10, 20, 30]
L.append(40)
print(L)
L.insert(1, 15)       # put 15 at position 1
print(L)

# Output:
# [10, 20, 30, 40]
# [10, 15, 20, 30, 40]

L = [10, 15, 20, 30, 40]
L.remove(15)
print(L)
x = L.pop()           # removes the last item
print("Removed:", x, "List:", L)
y = L.pop(0)          # removes position 0
print("Removed:", y, "List:", L)

# Output:
# [10, 20, 30, 40]
# Removed: 40 List: [10, 20, 30]
# Removed: 10 List: [20, 30]

marks = [72, 85, 90, 66, 78]
print("Highest:", max(marks))
print("Lowest:", min(marks))
print("Total:", sum(marks))
print("Average:", sum(marks) / len(marks))

# Output:
# Highest: 90
# Lowest: 66
# Total: 391
# Average: 78.2

L = [3, 7, 3, 9, 3, 5]
print(L.count(3))
print(L.index(9))
print(L.index(3))     # first 3 only

# Output:
# 3
# 3
# 0

L = [40, 10, 30, 20]
L.sort()
print(L)
L.sort(reverse=True)
print(L)
L.reverse()
print(L)

# Output:
# [10, 20, 30, 40]
# [40, 30, 20, 10]
# [10, 20, 30, 40]

L = [1, 2, 3]
L[1] = 200
print(L)
print(list("hello"))
print(list(range(1, 6)))

# Output:
# [1, 200, 3]
# ['h', 'e', 'l', 'l', 'o']
# [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

L = [45, 12, 78, 34, 89, 23]
largest = L[0]
smallest = L[0]
for x in L:
    if x > largest:
        largest = x
    if x < smallest:
        smallest = x
print("Largest:", largest)
print("Smallest:", smallest)

# Output:
# Largest: 89
# Smallest: 12

data = input("Enter numbers separated by spaces: ")
L = []
for part in data.split():
    L.append(int(part))
print("List:", L)
print("Sum:", sum(L))

# Sample run (the values after each prompt are typed by the user):
# Enter numbers separated by spaces: 5 12 8 20 3
# List: [5, 12, 8, 20, 3]
# Sum: 48

L = [45, 12, 78, 34, 89, 23, 56]
S = sorted(L)            # new sorted list, L is unchanged
print("Sorted:", S)
print("Third smallest:", S[2])
print("Third largest:", S[-3])

# Output:
# Sorted: [12, 23, 34, 45, 56, 78, 89]
# Third smallest: 34
# Third largest: 56

L = [12, 7, 9, 20, 33, 18, 5]
even = 0
odd = 0
for x in L:
    if x % 2 == 0:
        even += 1
    else:
        odd += 1
print("Even numbers:", even)
print("Odd numbers:", odd)

# Output:
# Even numbers: 3
# Odd numbers: 4

L = [14, 27, 8, 33, 50]
x = int(input("Number to search: "))
found = False
for i in range(len(L)):
    if L[i] == x:
        print("Found at position", i)
        found = True
if not found:
    print("Not found")

# Sample run (the values after each prompt are typed by the user):
# Number to search: 33
# Found at position 3

student = {"name": "Riya", "class": 11, "marks": 88}
print(student)
print(student["name"])
print(student["marks"])
print(len(student))

# Output:
# {'name': 'Riya', 'class': 11, 'marks': 88}
# Riya
# 88
# 3

student = {"name": "Riya", "marks": 88}
student["city"] = "Delhi"     # add
student["marks"] = 91         # change
print(student)
del student["city"]           # delete
print(student)

# Output:
# {'name': 'Riya', 'marks': 91, 'city': 'Delhi'}
# {'name': 'Riya', 'marks': 91}

price = {"pen": 10, "pencil": 5, "eraser": 3}
print(price.keys())
print(price.values())
print(price.items())

# Output:
# dict_keys(['pen', 'pencil', 'eraser'])
# dict_values([10, 5, 3])
# dict_items([('pen', 10), ('pencil', 5), ('eraser', 3)])

price = {"pen": 10, "pencil": 5, "eraser": 3}
for item in price:
    print(item, "costs", price[item])
for item, cost in price.items():
    print(item, "->", cost)

# Output:
# pen costs 10
# pencil costs 5
# eraser costs 3
# pen -> 10
# pencil -> 5
# eraser -> 3

d = dict(a=1, b=2)
print(d)
d.update({"b": 20, "c": 30})
print(d)
d.clear()
print(d)

# Output:
# {'a': 1, 'b': 2}
# {'a': 1, 'b': 20, 'c': 30}
# {}

capital = {"Kerala": "Thiruvananthapuram", "Goa": "Panaji"}
state = input("Enter a state: ")
if state in capital:
    print("Capital:", capital[state])
else:
    print("Not in the dictionary")

# Sample run (the values after each prompt are typed by the user):
# Enter a state: Goa
# Capital: Panaji

capitals = {}
n = int(input("How many states? "))
for i in range(n):
    state = input("State: ")
    city = input("Capital: ")
    capitals[state] = city
print(capitals)
for state in capitals:
    print("The capital of", state, "is", capitals[state])

# Sample run (the values after each prompt are typed by the user):
# How many states? 3
# State: Kerala
# Capital: Thiruvananthapuram
# State: Punjab
# Capital: Chandigarh
# State: Assam
# Capital: Dispur
# {'Kerala': 'Thiruvananthapuram', 'Punjab': 'Chandigarh', 'Assam': 'Dispur'}
# The capital of Kerala is Thiruvananthapuram
# The capital of Punjab is Chandigarh
# The capital of Assam is Dispur

result = {}
n = int(input("How many students? "))
for i in range(n):
    name = input("Name: ")
    marks = []
    for j in range(5):
        marks.append(int(input("  Subject " + str(j + 1) + " marks: ")))
    result[name] = marks

for name in result:
    print(name, result[name], "Total:", sum(result[name]))

# Sample run (the values after each prompt are typed by the user):
# How many students? 2
# Name: Riya
#   Subject 1 marks: 78
#   Subject 2 marks: 85
#   Subject 3 marks: 92
#   Subject 4 marks: 70
#   Subject 5 marks: 88
# Name: Aman
#   Subject 1 marks: 65
#   Subject 2 marks: 72
#   Subject 3 marks: 80
#   Subject 4 marks: 91
#   Subject 5 marks: 58
# Riya [78, 85, 92, 70, 88] Total: 413
# Aman [65, 72, 80, 91, 58] Total: 366

marks = {"Riya": 88, "Aman": 75, "Sara": 93, "Kabir": 67}
high = max(marks.values())
low = min(marks.values())
for name in marks:
    if marks[name] == high:
        print("Highest:", name, high)
    if marks[name] == low:
        print("Lowest:", name, low)

# Output:
# Highest: Sara 93
# Lowest: Kabir 67

word = input("Enter a word: ")
count = {}
for ch in word:
    if ch in count:
        count[ch] += 1
    else:
        count[ch] = 1
print(count)

# Sample run (the values after each prompt are typed by the user):
# Enter a word: mississippi
# {'m': 1, 'i': 4, 's': 4, 'p': 2}

import numpy as np

marks = [72, 85, 90, 66]
arr = np.array(marks)
print(arr)
print(type(arr))

# Output:
# [72 85 90 66]
# <class 'numpy.ndarray'>

import numpy as np

arr = np.array([[1, 2, 3],
                [4, 5, 6]])
print(arr)
print(arr[1][2])       # row 1, column 2

# Output:
# [[1 2 3]
#  [4 5 6]]
# 6

import numpy as np

arr = np.array([[1, 2, 3],
                [4, 5, 6]])
print("Dimensions:", arr.ndim)
print("Shape:", arr.shape)
print("Size:", arr.size)

# Output:
# Dimensions: 2
# Shape: (2, 3)
# Size: 6

import numpy as np

a = np.array([1, 2, 3], dtype=float)
print(a, a.dtype)
b = np.array([1, 2.5, 3])         # one float makes all floats
print(b, b.dtype)
c = np.array([1, "two", 3])       # one string makes all strings
print(c)

# Output:
# [1. 2. 3.] float64
# [1.  2.5 3. ] float64
# ['1' 'two' '3']

import numpy as np

price = np.array([100, 250, 80])
print(price + 10)
print(price * 2)
qty = np.array([2, 1, 5])
print(price * qty)          # item by item
print((price * qty).sum())  # total bill

# Output:
# [110 260  90]
# [200 500 160]
# [200 250 400]
# 850

import numpy as np

L = [1, 2, 3]
A = np.array(L)
print(L * 2)
print(A * 2)
print(L + L)
print(A + A)

# Output:
# [1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3]
# [2 4 6]
# [1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3]
# [2 4 6]