Class 12 Informatics Practices Notes

Introduction to Pandas: creating and using Series and DataFrames, their attributes, accessing and selecting data with loc and iloc, Boolean indexing, and adding, modifying, deleting and renaming rows and columns.

Pandas data analysis: iterating over a DataFrame, binary operations, descriptive statistics (min, max, mean, median, mode, quantile, std, describe), other essential functions, handling missing data, and grouping data with groupby().

Data visualisation with Matplotlib's PyPlot: line, scatter, bar and pie charts, customising plots, histograms, frequency polygons, box plots, and plotting data from a DataFrame.

Moving data between Pandas and permanent storage: reading and writing CSV files with read_csv() and to_csv(), and transferring data between DataFrames and a MySQL database.

Revision of MySQL from Class 11: the relational data model, creating tables and constraints, inserting data, simple SELECT queries, viewing table structure, and updating, deleting, altering and dropping tables.

Learn how MySQL functions help process text, numbers, and dates using single-row SQL operations for effective data handling.

Sorting query results with ORDER BY, aggregate functions (SUM, AVG, COUNT, MAX, MIN), single-row vs multiple-row functions, and grouping results with GROUP BY and HAVING.

Retrieving data from multiple tables with SQL joins — Cartesian product, Equi-Join, Natural Join and the JOIN clause — and combining query results with the set operations UNION, INTERSECT and MINUS.

Covers the fundamentals of computer networks, including network components, types (PAN, LAN, MAN, WAN), various network topologies (Star, Bus, Ring, Tree, Mesh), and essential network devices (Modem, Hub, Switch, Router, Gateway).

Covers the fundamentals of how the Internet works, the difference between the Internet and WWW, web servers, URLs and their types, websites vs webpages, static vs dynamic pages, web browsers, and Internet applications like Email, Chat, and VoIP.

Covers digital footprints, netiquette, intellectual property rights, plagiarism, open source, cyber crime and the IT Act, e-waste management, health concerns of technology use, and protecting data from threats such as viruses, phishing and pharming.